Pre-registration as behaviour: developing an evidence-based intervention specification to increase pre-registration uptake by researchers using the Behaviour Change Wheel

Data availability statement: The data described in this article are openly available in the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/dfcem/.Open Scholarship: This article has earned the Center for Open Science badges for Open Data, Open Materials and Preregistered. The data and materials are openly accessible at https://osf.io/dfcem/, https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/dfcem and https://osf.io/9pvn6.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Pre-registration is an open research practice that can mitigate against questionable research practices and contribute to enhanced research outcomes, such as increased research transparency. This paper explores barriers and enablers to pre-registration, and develops an evidence-based behaviour change intervention specification to increase its uptake. The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) framework of intervention development and COM-B model of behaviour change were used to inform the development of a mixed-methods online questionnaire, assessing barriers and enablers to pre-registration. Data were collected from 18-05-2020 to 12-07-2020, and explored using descriptive statistics, reflexive thematic analysis, and COM-B. BCW was used to develop an intervention specification. Respondents were researchers (n = 105) who were mostly engaged in psychological research (71%) and had pre-registered before (75%). Insufficient knowledge and skill (psychological capability), social support (social opportunity), time (physical opportunity), and incentivisation (reflective motivation) were the most substantial barriers to pre-registration, whereas belief in pre-registration contributing to desirable research outcomes (reflective motivation) was the most substantial enabler. These findings informed the development of an intervention specification to increase pre-registration uptake by researchers. This paper demonstrates the strong potential of BCW to facilitate open research practices. The identified barriers and enablers, intervention specification, and the behaviour change approach outlined, may be used to increase pre-registration uptake; for example, developing new or refining existing training and incentivisation interventions. This paper may inspire others to consider the strong potential of BCW to facilitate open research practices and so contribute to enhanced research outcomes