Land maps from 19th century as a source of names of physiographical objects (on the example of the selected villages in Wielkopolska, Poland)

Preservation of the landscape is connected with the resource protection of the rural environment and with the cultural legacy. Name local are one of elements of the cultural legacy. Name of object, can indicate place the object in the space. Names of settlement objects, physiographical objects and natural objects are collected and made available through the National Register of Place Names (Panstwowy Rejestr Nazw Geograficznych - PRNG). PRGN is an official, referential database constituting the base for other systems of spatial information containing place names. In the literature there are many classifications of geographical names. In the article there is a division which is dividing toponyms to names of inhabited physiographical objects - oykonyms and to names of uninhabited physiographical objects - anoykonyms. Article analyzed maps which have been made from the 19th century from the area of Wielkopolski as anoykonyms sources to the National Register of Place Names. At the work analyzed twenty-two maps, which have been made in scale 1:5000 from the National Archive in Poznan. The maps covered the area which was divided in two areas. The first area was the villages located near the Wrzesnia. The second area was the villages located in the strip Grodzisk Wielkopolski-Opalenica-Pniewy-Sierakow. In research anoykonyms were divided in the following groups: 1. topographical relief (hillock, pit) 2. following water 3. water standing (pond, bog-mud, wetland) 4. other physiographic objects (field, meadow-pasture, forest). Analysis of maps showed, diversifying the amount of names of topographical objects on individual maps. The most of topographical names was on map of Gnin (21). Least of topographical names were on the maps of Nowa Wies Krolewska and Ksiazno (1). On remaining maps the amount of names ranged from 4 to 8. Anoykonyms were on 45% of the surveyed maps. From the analysis of maps were obtained in total 60 anoykonyms. The division according to individual groups looks as follows: 1. topographical relief - 7 names (hillock - 1, pit - 6) 2. flowing water - 4 names 3. standing water - 12 names (pond - 2, bog-mud - 5, wetland - 5) 4. other physiographic objects - 37 names (field - 15, meadow-pasture - 17, forest - 5). Places of appearing of names "topographical relief" of the area was compared with appropriate topographical maps and available maps on Geoportal. The control was aimed at checking whether the name is connected with the topography relief. (In all accidents the inspection confirmed speculations.) anoykonyms fields, meadows, pastures and forests, which were obtained from the maps, can provide a basis for studies of landscape history and to inform land cover, land use, ownership structure or human activity. Anoykonyms acquired from maps were confirmed in descriptive sources. Collected names were Compared from with "Urzedowymi nazwami miejscowosci i obiektow fizjograficznych" for the Wielkopolska given in years to 70 of the 20th century, with the National Register of Place Names available from Geoportal and with other descriptive materials. More than 30 percent anoykonyms which were on maps were confirmed in descriptive materials (38% of them appeared in more than one descriptive materials). Names of physiographical objects should be get both from of maps and as well as descriptive materials. Maps are used for a spatial localization of objects. Descriptive materials are used for a verification of names from maps. The names of the physiographical objects before the entry to the registry (PRNG) should be subject to appropriate verification. Research has shown that the maps from the nineteenth century are a valuable source anoykonyms. Physiographic object names can be used to specify the changes and evolution of the environment