Review of Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931)) Farming in Indonesia: Management Operating and Development

Indonesia is an archipelago with a coastline of about 81,000 km and has enormous cultivation potential. The area that's the potential for aquaculture is estimated at 15.59 million hectares, consisting of 2.23 million hectares of freshwater cultivation land, 1.22 million hectares of cultivated land in brackish waters, and 12.14 million hectares of marine areas. Nowadays, only 10.1% freshwater, 40% of brackish water, and 0.01% of the marine area potentially suitable for cultivation are being used. However, land use for shrimp farming until 2017 has only reached 20% of the total potential. It is still very open to developing land for the extensification of shrimp farming. Shrimp is one of the non-oil and gas export commodities that play a crucial role. Besides the high price, shrimp also has a large market in various countries. Although the industry suffered disease outbreaks and environmental problems, Vannamei shrimp farming has recently seen a rapid expansion in Indonesia due to superior varieties and disease resistant shrimp. Vannamei shrimp is a new variety that’s some advantages, including more resistance or resistance to disease and low environmental quality, high stocking density, shorter rearing time, which is around 90-100 days per cycle. This study provides some necessary background for Vannamei shrimp farming in Indonesia. It focuses on the operating characteristics of shrimp farming in brief. Emphasis is placed on the impact of shrimp farming on the environment. Promising strategies for reducing nutrient release from shrimp farming are analyzed. Effective management measures to resolve or mitigate the adverse environmental effect of shrimp farming development have now become necessary and urgent. The sustainability of shrimp farming depends on many factors including the completeness of policies and regulations, good ecology, superior breeding and various kinds of cultivation technology and government support, advances in technology digitization and cooperation between industries shrimp farming