School culture in its descriptive and normative understanding. Selected exemplifications

The article addresses the ambiguity in understanding school culture and its potential research implications. The analyses were embedded within two key approaches: normative and descriptive, illustrating selected exemplifications of theoretical positions of school culture in German-speaking countries. Also, the potential for integration of both approaches into a new model of school culture was proposed by La Tefy Schoen and Charles Teddi in 2008, which terminated the separation between descriptive and normative approaches to school culture