Warsaw press in the early years of the Congress Kingdom of Poland: Ćwiczenia Naukowe (Scientific Exercises) (1818) and its successor Pamiętnik Naukowy (The Scientific Memoir) (1819)

A revival of the press in the Kingdom of Poland followed within a few years after the Congress of Vienna (1815). The first periodicals to be published were two magazines edited by the graduates of the Wolhynia Gymnasium, Ćwiczenia Naukowe (Scientific Exercises) (1818) and its follow-up mutation Pamiętnik Naukowy (The Scientific Memoir) (1819). Although they happened to be but short-lived and their appearance did not open up a forum of intellectual debates, their literary ambitions did pave the way for a revival of interest in literatur