Ring roads in the traditoinal rural landscape of the environs of Tylicz place

Przedstawiono konflikty krajobrazowe, przyrodnicze i przestrzenne związane z planami rozbudowy drogi krajowej nr 75 Krzyżówka-Tylicz do granicy państwa. Krajobraz jest typowy dla Beskidu Niskiego, z dużym udziałem terenów otwartych, głównie łąk porolnych i zarośli podlegających regeneracji po wysiedleniach w 1947 r. Uzasadnia to włączenie omawianego obszaru w 2007 r. do sieci Natura 2000. Zabytki kultury materialnej koncentrują się przy istniejącej drodze, pośród zabudowy. Potencjalne warianty planowanego przedsięwzięcia to: rozbudowa drogi po istniejącym śladzie, zaprojektowanie obwodnic dla poszczególnych miejscowości, ponad linią zabudowy, skierowanie drogi krajowej nowym korytarzem poprzez partie grzbietowe z poprzecznymi dojazdami do miejscowości. Wszystkie wymienione warianty kolidują z postulatem zachowania trwałości tradycyjnych krajobrazów wiejskich.In the paper, landscape, nature and space conflicts connected with plans of a trunk road no. 75 Krzyzowka-Tylicz-border development are presented. Places situated near this route are distinguished by location value in the observational valley segments. The landscape is typical for the Low Beskids, with great participation of open spaces, mainly post-arable meadows (c.a. 49%). This is a secondary but harmonious landscape, on the land which was subjected to displace after World War II (1947). Boundaries between forest and non-forest communities are unsteady, with tendency to enlarge an area of wooded land. That mosaic of semi-natural agriculture and forest grounds is a valuable natural habitat. This was a good reason to include a discussed region to the European Ecological Natura 2000 Network in 2007. Monuments are concentrated near the existing road, among the buildings. Potential variants of planned project are connected with: (1) road development after existing track, (2) making a project of ring roads for particular places, above line of building development, (3) directing a trunk road by a new corridor through the mountain ridge parts, with lateral accesses to the places. All presented variants collide with postulate of conservation of traditional rural landscape durability. Variant connects with existing track should be evaluated as destructive for local „landscape interiors” and excessively arduous for people. Its advantages are protection of semi-natural, extensive arable land and distant observational exposures (panoramas watch from hills and ridges). Selection of that option does not guarantee a solution of communication problems in the longer perspective. Variants with ring roads by-passing the building lands (in different combinations) can ensure a protection of country profile in the local scale and keep social bonds. Worsening of landscape beauty in the general scale is an unavoidable cost. It refers to the most multi-directional observational panoramas with surrounding mountain ranges. Selection of that option indicates a greater intervention into seminatural systems (in the acceptable boundaries). Possibility of action division is a significant advantage of this variant selection. Searching of new corridors for trunk road, some distance from places, does not predict a success, because of requirements of forest, habitat and species from Natura 2000 network protection. Intervention into landscape and nature systems can be in this situation the most meaningful. A possible tunnel building should be excluded on this area because of mineral water threat