Assessment of various toxicity endpoints in duckweed (Lemna minor) at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels as a measure of diuron stress

Simple Summary The presence of diuron in a variety of environments has been reported worldwide to exert serious harm to human health and the ecosystem. HPLC and mass spectrometry are highly specific and sensitive methods for herbicide detection, but they have several drawbacks including complex sample preparation procedures, the need for expensive chemicals and equipment, and interference from secondary contaminants during analysis. In addition, these purely chemical approaches do not provide ecologically meaningful information on temporal changes in terms of exposure or the interactive effects of pollutants. In order to compensate for these limitations, biological assays have been used to assess pollutant-induced ecological risks. Lemna minor is an attractive experimental model organism that has been used for decades for the prospective risk assessment of pesticides. In the current study, we examined the effects of diuron on L. minor using different endpoints at the physiological (growth and photosynthetic efficiency), biochemical (pigment biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels), and molecular (gene transcription) levels. Our findings provide important insight into the relative sensitivity of different endpoints for diuron toxicity assessment. In addition, they shed light on the toxicity mechanisms of diuron in a model aquatic macrophyte species. The common, broad-spectrum herbicide diuron poses some risks to the environment due to its long persistence and high toxicity. Therefore, the effective monitoring of diuron residues will inform efforts to assess its impacts on ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity targets of diuron in the model aquatic macrophyte Lemna minor at the physiological (growth and photosynthetic efficiency), biochemical (pigment biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels), and molecular (rbcL transcript) levels. The toxicity of diuron was detectable after 48 h of exposure and the order of sensitivity of toxicity endpoints was gene transcription > maximum electron transport rate (ETRmax) > non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) > maximum quantum yield (F-v/F-m) > ROS > fresh weight > chlorophyll b > chlorophyll a > total frond area > carotenoids. Under diuron stress, pigment, ROS, and gene transcript levels increased while frond area, fresh weight, and photosynthesis (F-v/F-m and ETRmax) gradually decreased with the increasing duration of exposure. Notably, ROS levels, F-v/F-m, frond area, and fresh weight were highly correlated with diuron concentration. The growth endpoints (frond area and fresh weight) showed a strong negative correlation with ROS levels and a positive correlation with F-v/F-m and ETRmax. These findings shed light on the relative sensitivity of different endpoints for the assessment of diuron toxicity