Muography for Underground Geological Surveys: Ongoing Application at the Lousal Mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal)

The use of muons for geophysical surveys has been proved successful in numerous projects around the planet. The use of muography in an underground environment has an easy side, when compared to the surface, due to the absence of the background radiation. On the other hand, the muon flux is much lower than what is measured on the surface. Geological and underground conditions should be considered when defining the required exposure time and developing suitable muon telescopes for the observation. A collaboration has been established between the Institute of Earth Sciences (ICT), University of Evora, the Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (LIP), and the Lousal Ciencia Viva Center to develop muon detectors and evaluate the muography potential in the Lousal Mine, with the general aim to create the conditions to use muography as a novel method for geophysical surveys in Portugal. The Lousal Mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt) was exploited until 1988 and is presently an excellent European example of environmental rehabilitation and social improvement based on museum, scientific, and educational activities. The observations are done from the Waldemar mine gallery, about 18 m below the surface. The telescopes, developed by LIP, use robust RPC detectors to observe the crossing muons in real time. The aim is to do a first geological survey of the region with muography, mapping already known structures and ore lenses and measuring their densities. The new data will then be used to improve the existing information, but the full process also serves to test the performance of the muon telescope and of the muography analysis tools. A reference 3D model is being created by joining pre-existing geological and geophysical information and new measurements, done, namely, with seismic refraction and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). This model provides a reference against which to compare the muography results. Ideally, muography could be used to produce an equivalent 3D map of densities. This reference 3D model constructed with independent methods will be used to cross-check the muography results.This R&D project is financed by National Funds through the FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, reference EXPL/FIS-OUT/1185/2021. The FCT also finances the Ph.D. scholarship, integrated into the LouMu, reference PD/BD/150490/2019, andwithin the scope of ICT, the project with reference UIDB/04683/2020. A grateful thanks go to the Lousal Ciˆencia Viva team fortheir support of the project