Epigenetic Pathogenesis of Neurological Disorders in utero and Considerations for Genetic Counseling

Epigenetic modifications are a major focus of study in the pathogenesis of many disorders regarding metabolism, aging, neurodevelopment, and neurodegeneration. Epigenetic mechanisms are present throughout life but are especially vital to guiding fetal development. The precise timing of gene activation and deactivation guides stem cell differentiation through each embryonic stage. After exposure to environmental stimuli, gene expression can be altered by transcription factors, resulting in observable phenotypes and even pathology. Here, the epigenetic mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders are explored in response to environmental perturbations in utero. The present goal is to identify correlations between biochemical mechanisms of neurodevelopmental etiologies and those of psychiatric disorders. Based on these identified commonalities, future research of targeted epigenetic therapies may be suggested in addition to novel genetic counseling strategies or therapies with epigenetic foundations