What Does PET Imaging Bring to Neuro-Oncology in 2022? A Review

International audienceSimple Summary Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is increasingly used to supplement MRI in the management of patient with brain tumors. In this article, we provide a review of the current place and perspectives of PET imaging for the diagnosis and follow-up of from primary brain tumors such as gliomas, meningiomas and central nervous system lymphomas, as well as brain metastases. Different PET radiotracers targeting different biological processes are used to accurately depict these brain tumors and provide unique metabolic and biologic information. Radiolabeled amino acids such as [F-18]FDOPA or [F-18]FET are used for imaging of gliomas while both [F-18]FDG and amino acids can be used for brain metastases. Meningiomas can be seen with a high contrast using radiolabeled ligands of somatostatin receptors, which they usually carry. Unconventional tracers that allow the study of other biological processes such as cell proliferation, hypoxia, or neo-angiogenesis are currently being studied for brain tumors imaging. PET imaging is being increasingly used to supplement MRI in the clinical management of brain tumors. The main radiotracers implemented in clinical practice include [F-18]FDG, radiolabeled amino acids ([C-11]MET, [F-18]FDOPA, [F-18]FET) and [Ga-68]Ga-DOTA-SSTR, targeting glucose metabolism, L-amino-acid transport and somatostatin receptors expression, respectively. This review aims at addressing the current place and perspectives of brain PET imaging for patients who suffer from primary or secondary brain tumors, at diagnosis and during follow-up. A special focus is given to the following: radiolabeled amino acids PET imaging for tumor characterization and follow-up in gliomas; the role of amino acid PET and [F-18]FDG PET for detecting brain metastases recurrence; [Ga-68]Ga-DOTA-SSTR PET for guiding treatment in meningioma and particularly before targeted radiotherapy