The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the sub-mesoscale variability of the Gironde plume. In the first part, using idealized numerical simulations I demonstrated the influence of different forcings on the dynamics, instabilities and vertical mixing of the plume. It is forced by downwelling winds and evolve into an unstable coastal current. Under the influence of tide, it evolves into two dynamic regions: the bulge and a coastal current. In this situation, mixed baroclinic/barotropic instabilities are locally generated in both regions. Symmetric and vertical shear instabilities then develop near the mouth of the estuary. In this study, I showed that frontogenesis intensifies stratification and non-conservative fluxes erode the potential ...