The Mediterranean coastal areas are prone to torrential rainfall in autumn. The Mediterranean Sea is the major source of heat and moisture for these extreme meteorological events. Generally, an unstable air mass is transported by a strong low-level wind from the sea towards mountainous regions. The convection is then triggered and could stay several hours over the same area, producing locally large rainfall totals and sometimes flood damages. The sensitivity of these extreme events to the sea surface conditions has been examined based on high-resolution atmospheric simulations (2-3 km) of three heavy rainfall events over Southern France: catastrophic events in Aude (12-13 November 1999), Gard (8-9 September 2002) and Hérault (3 December 200...