Obtention du Prix Prud'Homme de la SMF en 1995.The available energy of a system is that sub-part of the total energy which could become available to provide a useful work. The available energy is also known in general thermodynamics as the "Exergy" of the system, the name Exergy meaning "extractable work" (Rant, 1956). Another concept of available energy has been developed in Meteorology, first by Margules (1903) and Lorenz (1955), then by Dutton (1973) and Pearce (1978). The aim of the thesis is to study the local properties of the "available enthalpy", one of the form of the thermodynamical Exergy. It is shown that the available enthalpy may generalize the approaches of Dutton and Pearce for the case of an atmosphere in hydrostatic equili...