Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the rodent brain: Experts' consensus recommendations

International audienceIn vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive measurement technique used not only in humans, but also in preclinical models, in particular in rodents, using high field horizontal MR magnets. MRS enables the measurement of metabolite concentrations as well as metabolic rates and their modifications in healthy animals and disease models. Such data open the way to a deeper understanding of the underlying biochemistry, related disturbances and mechanisms taking place during or prior to symptoms and tissue changes. In this work, we focus on the main preclinical 1 H, 31 P and 13 C MRS approaches to study brain metabolism in rodent models, with the aim to provide general experts'consensus recommendations (animal model, anesthesia, acquisition protocols). An overview of the main practical differences in preclinical MRS compared to clinical studies as well as the additional biochemical information and the technical limitations are also described