Realization (execution) of real property insurance

Stvarnopravna zavarovanja delimo glede na objekt, ki je predmet jamstva. Tako stvarnopravna zavarovanja plačil v poslovni in sodni praksi razvrščamo na zavarovanja s terjatvami, med katere sodijo (pravi in nepravi) faktoring, finančna zavarovanja, odstop terjatve v zavarovanje ali fiduciarna cesija in zastavna pravica na terjatvah (vrednostnih papirjih in drugih premoženjskih pravicah). Naslednjo pomembno vlogo igrajo zavarovanja s premičninami, ki jih poznamo v obliki fiduciarnega prenosa lastninske pravice ali prenosa lastninske pravice v zavarovanje v obliki zastavne pravice na premičnini, ki je lahko bodisi posestna bodisi neposestna, in sodobne oblike pridržka lastninske pravice. Najpomembnejša vrsta stvarnopravnih zavarovanj so zavarovanja z nepremičninami, to so hipoteka, finančni lizing nepremičnin in (predialno) stvarno breme. Posebna značilnost določenih institutov oziroma vrst zavarovanj je ta, da lahko upnik v primeru neplačila zavarovane terjatve ob njeni zapadlosti zunajsodno uveljavlja (izvrši) prednostno poplačilno upravičenje. V našem pravnem sistemu se premičnine običajno dajejo v zavarovanje v obliki zastavne pravice, bodisi posestne, bodisi neposestne, v obeh primerih pa pridobi zastavni upnik tako imenovano izvedeno stvarno pravico. Zastavna pravica je pravica zastavnega upnika, da se zaradi neplačila zavarovane terjatve ob njeni zapadlosti poplača skupaj z obrestmi in stroški iz vrednosti zastavljenega predmeta pred vsemi drugimi upniki zastavitelja. Pomembna značilnost zastavnih pravic je njihova akcesornost oziroma odvisnost od zavarovane terjatve. Kot taka zato ni samostojno prenosljiva pravica, niti ni samostojno izvedena stvarna pravica, temveč je venomer odvisna od zavarovane terjatve. Najpomembnejša sekcija stvarnopravnih zavarovanj se nanaša na zavarovanja z nepremičninami. Zastavna pravica na nepremičnini se tako imenuje hipoteka. Za hipoteko, kot vrsto zastavne pravice, veljajo vsa splošna načela, ki veljajo za zastavno pravico. Od navadne hipoteke se maksimalna hipoteka razlikuje po značilnostih zavarovane terjatve. Tukaj glede samih značilnostih SPZ ni preveč dosleden. Notarska prodaja nepremičnine, obremenjene s hipoteko, torej zunajsodna realizacija hipoteke je novost, za katero pa je primarna podlaga v SPZ-ju in se torej ureja po pravilih stvarnopravnega zakonika. ZFZ glede notarske hipoteke ureja zgolj pogoje za njeno zunajsodno uveljavitev z notarsko prodajo. Notarska prodaja je prodaja zastavljene nepremičnine, ki jo v imenu hipotekarnega upnika opravi notar zaradi zagotovitve zunajsodne uresničitve prednostnega poplačilnega upravičenja, vključenega v notarski hipoteki. Na zahtevo hipotekarnega upnika začne notarsko prodajo notar. Nekatere posamezne vrste stvarnopravnih zavarovanj, ki se delijo glede na predmet jamstva, niso zadostile potrebam poslovne prakse, zato so se razvile nove, sodobne oblike, ki so po razdelkih podrobneje razložene v nadaljevanju.Real property insurance is divided according to the object that is the subject of the surety. Insurance of payments with real property in business and court practice is hence classified into insurance with receivables, which include (recourse and non-recourse) factoring, financial insurance, assignment of a receivable or fiduciary assignment and lien on receivables (securities and other property rights). Real property insurance, known as fiduciary transfer of ownership or transfer of ownership to collateral in the form of a lien on movable property, either possessive or non-possessory, and modern forms of reservation of title, also plays an important role. The most important types of real property insurance are real estate insurance, i.e. mortgages, financial real estate leasing and real property encumbrances. A special feature of certain institutes or types of insurance is that the creditor is entitled to out-of-court enforcement of an overdue priority payment in case of non-payment of the secured claim. In our legal system, movable property is usually secured in the form of a lien, possessive or non-possessory, and in both cases the pledgee acquires the so-called derived real property right. A lien is the right of a pledgee to repayment together with interest and costs from the value of the pledged object prior to all other creditors of the pledgor due to non-payment of the secured claim upon its maturity. An important feature of liens is their ancillarity or dependence on the secured claim. As such, it is not an independently transferable right, nor is it an independently exercised real property right, but it always depends on the secured claim. The most important section of real property insurance relates to real estate insurance. A lien on a property is thus called a mortgage. A mortgage, as a type of lien, is subject to all the general principles that apply to a lien. The difference between a maximum mortgage and an ordinary mortgage lies in the characteristics of the secured claim. The Law of Property Code is not very consistent in terms of the characteristics. The notarial sale of real estate encumbered with a mortgage, i.e. the out-of-court enforcement a mortgage, is a novelty, for which the primary basis in the Law of Property Code is therefore regulated by its rules. Regarding the notarial mortgage, the Law of Property Code regulates only the conditions for its out-of-court enforcement through notarial sale. Notarial sale is the sale of pledged real estate carried out on behalf of the mortgagee by a notary in order to ensure the out-of-court enforcement of the priority repayment entitlement granted by the notarial mortgage. The notarial sale is initiated upon the request of the mortgagee. As some individual types of real property insurance, divided by subject of the guarantee, failed to meet the needs of business practice, new, modern forms have been developed. These are explained in more detail below by sections