Currents recorded through small areas of squid axon membrane with an internal virtual ground voltage clamp

A new voltage-clamp apparatus for the squid axon has been implemented to enable recording of currents through small areas of axon membrane. The performance of this clamp was tested by recording total sodium currents from perfused axons (I total) and sodium currents from small membrane patches (I patch), which were recorded from inside the axon with an L-shaped pipette. The I patch records, although four orders of magnitude smaller than 1tot, were stable and showed normal kinetics and voltage dependence, and appeared to reflect the activation of a small population of normal sodium channels. The size of the current recorded from the patch was mainly a function of the tip diameter of the L-shaped pipette and of the shunt resistance between inside the pipette and the axoplasm