Deep flow in the Madagascar-Mascarene Basin over the last 150,000 years

The SW Indian Ocean contains at least four layers of water masses with different\ud sources: deep Antarctic (Lower Circumpolar Deep Water) flow to the north, midwater\ud North Indian Deep Water flow to the south and Upper Circumpolar Deep Water to\ud the north, meridional convergence of intermediate waters at 500–1500 m, and the\ud shallow South Equatorial Current flowing west. Sedimentation rates in the area are\ud rather low, being less than 1 cm ka−1 on Madagascar Ridge, but up to 4 cm ka−1\ud at Amirante Passage. Bottom flow through the Madagascar–Mascarene Basin into\ud Amirante Passage varies slightly on glacial–interglacial time-scales, with faster flow\ud in the warm periods of the last interglacial and minima in cold periods. Far more\ud important are the particularly high flow rates, inferred from silt grain size, which\ud occur at warm-to-cold transitions rather than extrema. This suggests the cause is\ud changing density gradient driving a transiently fast flow. Corroboration is found in\ud the glacial–interglacial range of benthic δ18O which is ca. 2 %, suggesting water close\ud to freezing and at least 1.2 more saline and thus more dense glacial bottom waters\ud than present. Significant density steps are inferred in isotope stage 6, the 5e–5d,\ud and 5a–4 transitions. Oxygen isotope data suggest little change by mixing in glacial\ud bottom water on their northward path. Benthic carbon isotope ratios at Amirante\ud Passage differ from glacial Southern Ocean values, due possibly to absence of a local\ud productivity effect present in the Southern Ocea