Occurrence and transport of microplastics sampled within and above the planetary boundary layer

Nowadays, there is no direct evidence about the presence of microplastics (MPs) in the atmosphere above ground level. Here, we investigated the occurrence, chemical composition, shape, and size of MPs in aircraft sampling campaigns flying within and above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The results showed that MPs were present with concentrations ranging from 1.5 MPs m−3 above rural areas to 13.9 MPs m−3 above urban areas. MPs represented up to almost one third of the total amount of microparticles collected. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy allowed identifying seven types of MPs with the highest diversity corresponding to urban areas. Atmospheric transport and deposition simulations were performed using the HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Air mass trajectory analyses showed that MPs could be transported more than 1000 km before being deposited. This pioneer study is the first evidence of the microplastic presence above PBL and their potential long-range transport from their point of release even crossing distant bordersWe also acknowledge support from the EnviroPlaNet Network Thematic Newtork of Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment (RED2018-102345-T; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades). We thank the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (CTM2016-74927-C2-1-R/2-R, CGL2015-69758-P, CGL2017-92086-EXP, RTI2018-094867-B-I00) and National Institute for Aerospace Technology (PAI/APL/001/09