Health risk assessment of mercury exposure from fish consumption in Munduruku Indigenous Communities in the Brazilian Amazon

Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. Joaquim Venâncio Polytechnic School of Health. Laboratory of Professional Education in Health Surveillance. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Federal University of West Para. Postgraduate Program in Biosciences. Laboratory of Human Ecology, Fish, Fisheries and Conservation. Oriximiná, PA, Brazil.Federal University of West Para. Postgraduate Program in Biosciences. Laboratory of Human Ecology, Fish, Fisheries and Conservation. Oriximiná, PA, Brazil.Federal University of West Para. Postgraduate Program in Biosciences. Laboratory of Human Ecology, Fish, Fisheries and Conservation. Oriximiná, PA, Brazil.Federal University of West Para. Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences. Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology. Santarém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. National School of Public Health. Samuel Pessoa Department of Endemics. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. National School of Public Health. Samuel Pessoa Department of Endemics. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.Fish serves as the principal source of animal protein for the indigenous people of the Amazon, ensuring their food and nutritional security. However, gold mining causes mercury (Hg) contamination in fish, and consequently increases health risks associated with fish consumption. The aim of this study was to assess the health risk attributed to the consumption of mercury-contaminated fish by Munduruku indigenous communities in the Middle-Tapajós Region. Different fish species were collected in the Sawré Muybu Indigenous Land to determine mercury levels. The health risk assessment was carried out according to the World Health Organization (WHO 2008) methodology and different scenarios were built for counterfactual analysis. Eighty-eight fish specimens from 17 species and four trophic levels were analyzed. Estimates of Hg ingestion indicated that the methylmercury daily intake exceeds the U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (2000) reference dose from 3 to 25-fold, and up to 11 times the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/WHO (2003) dose recommendation. In all situations analyzed, the risk ratio estimates were above 1.0, meaning that the investigated Munduruku communities are at serious risk of harm as a result of ingestion of mercury-contaminated fish. These results indicate that, at present, fish consumption is not safe for this Munduruku population. This hazardous situation threatens the survival of this indigenous population, their food security, and their culture