Quantifying secondary particle dose contributions in proton therapy

In order to create radiotherapy treatment plans for cancer patients, dose calculations need to be done as quickly as possible to get accurate results. However, current dose calculation algorithms take too much time to be deployed effectively. The current in house algorithm of the Medical Physics and Technology Section at the TU Delft, attempts to solve this problem by utilising a deterministic algorithm that has a significant time advantage over Monte Carlo algorithms. However, this comes with the cost of inaccuracy, one of which is that it assumesall dose is deposited locally along the beam path. This is inaccurate as secondary particles created from non-elastic nuclear interactions can deposit their dose far from the beam path due to retaining significant kinetic energy. This thesis attempts to reduce this inaccuracy by mapping and quantifying the secondary particles to assess their contribution in non-local dose deposition. And analysing the relevant particle’s energy and angle distributions to gain insight into the development of the particle's characteristics with depth. Thereafter the relevantparticle’s are then utilised as a source to emulate their production in a primary proton beam at different depths to obtain the relevant 3D dose distributions. The analysis concluded that secondary protons are the most relevant secondary particle as they contribute to 88% of the secondary dose and have a significant range to deposit their dose non locally. By utilising the secondary protons as a source, it was found that the relative error between the integrated depth dose (IDD) of the scored protons and the IDD obtained directly from Monte Carlo simulations is equal to 5.1% in the z-direction and 3.4% in the x and y-direction. The absolute difference was found to be 1.54 × 10−5 Gy which is equal to 0.096% of the total dose and 2.75% of the dose contributed by all secondary particles. The results show that the methodology can produce accurate 3D dose matrices for secondary protons at different depths, which can then be used to improve the accuracy of the in house algorithm by adding the precalculated 3D dose matrices to the algorithmApplied Physic