Development and Usability Testing of the Participatory Urban Plan Monitoring Prototype for Indonesian Smart Cities Based on Digital Triplets

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) prescribed justice, strong institutions, and partnerships to encourage citizens' participation and inclusion. Goal 11 addresses urban areas: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.” The SDGs are impossible to realize without the involvement of cities and municipalities. They must align their land-use plans to align to SDG indicators and measure their progress collaboratively. Therefore, developing an application for participative monitoring of the implementation of urban plans is crucial to detect challenges and evaluate alternative scenarios for intervention-making, achieving SDGs' targets and indicators. On the other hand, investments or disruption in a city, either physical or non-physical forms, should change the configuration of Rights, Restrictions, and Responsibilities (RRRs) on a land parcel or 3D space. Therefore, monitoring the implementation of the urban plan is required to gauge a city's progress towards fulfilling SDGs indicators. In the digital transformation and democracy era, cities may benefit from Geo-ICT to improve their capability to manage land information and establish spatially enabled societies to fulfill land management roles. The developments of application for Participatory Urban Plan Monitoring (PUPM) presented in this article uses the proposed Spatial Plan Information Package within ISO 19152:2012 on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) revision. LADM is used to construct a 3D representation of restrictions and responsibilities from land-use (urban) planning. This article presents the development of a web-based application for PUPM with emphasis on the use of Digital Triplets by adding legal spaces to Digital Twin. In supporting the PUPM of a city, the two-way information flows are between authorities and local citizens can be an updating system. An initial usability test is conducted in order to improve PUPM further. From the usability test conducted, this study found the potential of a two-way 3D spatial information flow to support PUPM.GIS TechnologieUrban Data Scienc