Earnings Management in the Libyan Corporations

International accounting scandals around the world have triggered a wave of interest\ud and discussion on the transparency and integrity of financial statements. Prior\ud literature has stated that due to a variety of motivations and by using different\ud techniques, the management of corporations might intend to influence the figures in\ud financial reporting. The preferred term used in the accounting literature to describe\ud this issue is 'earnings management', which is a very interesting and topical issue for\ud researchers. Therefore, this research investigates the earnings management\ud phenomenon in the Libyan environment. In this research, secondary data, which was\ud accruals-based models, and primary data analysis, which included a questionnaire\ud survey combined with semi-structured interviews, were used to achieve the objectives\ud of this research, that are: to determine the existence and the direction of earnings\ud management in the Libyan context; the motivations and techniques behind that; and\ud the earnings management constraints, which include internal accounting standards,\ud corporate governance mechanism and audit quality.\ud The analysis of secondary data examined the existence and the direction of earnings\ud management in Libyan companies. Accruals-based models were applied on a sample\ud of state-owned and private companies. The results indicated that the majority of the\ud companies that engaged in earnings management by using income-increasing policies\ud accruals were state-owned companies. However, the majority of the companies that\ud engaged in earnings management by using income-decreasing policies accruals were\ud private companies. The above results indicated that there are linkages between the\ud direction of earnings management and the nature of company ownership in the Libyan\ud environment. Further, as regards the relationship between the direction of earnings\ud management and company size, the results of the state-owned companies group\ud indicated that company size was positively and significantly associated with\ud discretionary total accruals. On the other hand, the results of the private companies\ud group indicated that company size was negatively and significantly linked to\ud discretionary total accruals. The primary data analysis was used to investigate three main issues: the motivations\ud behind the practice of earnings management; the most frequently used techniques to\ud practice earnings management; and the earnings management constraints, which\ud include accounting standards, internal corporate governance mechanism and audit\ud quality. These subjects were investigated by using a questionnaire survey\ud administered to external auditors, financial managers and senior accountants, internal\ud auditors, lenders, tax officers and accounting academics. Also, a series of semistructured\ud interviews was combined with the questionnaire survey, which was\ud conducted with selected respondents to the survey. Results indicated that the main\ud incentives for practising earnings management in Libyan state-owned companies\ud were: to mitigate the threat of displacement (i.e. safeguard job position) and/or\ud enhance management reputation, to report profits, to increase the value of\ud management compensation, and to meet regulatory objectives. On the other hand, the\ud main incentives for the private companies were to decrease the amount of taxes and to\ud enhance the chance of obtaining bank loans.\ud Further, the results showed that manipulation of the value of inventory, improper\ud assets revaluation, incorrect capitalising rather than expensing of expenditures,\ud manipulation of accrual estimation, incorrect use of expenses on asset acquisition, and\ud related-party transactions were the most frequently used techniques to practice\ud earnings management in Libya. Finally, the results showed a consensus among\ud respondents on the importance of accounting standard. internal corporate governance\ud mechanisms, audit quality as policies to constraint earnings management in the Libya\ud environment