All-dielectric graphene-induced T-slot waveguide electro-optic modulator with polarization-independent operation

Developing efficient techniques to realize polarization-independent modulators nowadays is still important for on-chip photonic circuits. Here, we propose and theoretically demonstrate a graphene-based T-slot waveguide modulator, which simultaneously supports the TE and TM polarized modes, offering a greater possibility to achieve the polarization-independent modulation. The modulation performance is comprehensively studied in terms of attenuation loss, insertion loss, modulation depth, normalized mode area, bandwidth and power consumption. Optimizations of key characteristic parameters illustrate that the modulator not only offers a mode confinement beyond the diffraction limit (0.35 dB/mu m, a insertion loss (IL) of <0.1 dB/mu m and a MD discrepancy of