The Impacts of the Pandemic on the Suez and Panama Canals and the Environmental Aftermath

The pandemic outbreak of Covid-19 led to a sharp decline in demand for oil and historically low fuel prices. The very low fuel prices may lead to increased sailing speeds for certain sectors (particularly liner shipping), while product and crude tankers may wait things out until fuel prices increase again. A very interesting development is that certain ship operators sail around Africa instead of passing (and paying fees) through the Suez Canal, due to the low fuel prices that make this profitable. In response, the Suez Canal authorities offered rebates up to 17% for containerships from May through to June 2020. This paper reviews literature on the effects of canals in international shipping, and aims to propose new research questions following the impacts of the ongoing pandemic. The objective of this paper is to examine how canal authorities decided to provide financial incentives to ship operators for choosing to cross their canals, and assess the economic and environmental impacts of this choice. The methodology considers the use of an activity-based model to estimate fuel consumption, and calculate costs and emissions from the different options available to the ship operator. The perspectives of all stakeholders are examined. The importance of market-based measures and the external costs of emissions are discussed, with a forward-looking view for the implementation of the Initial IMO strategy for the decarbonisation of maritime shipping