Barriers and cost model of implementing unmanned aerial system (UAS) services in a decentralised system: Case of the Dominican Republic

This is an accepted manuscript of a paper published by Emerald on 16/05/2022, available online: https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-08-2021-0155 The accepted manuscript of the publication may differ from the final published version.Purpose ��� The aim of this paper is to identify the business barriers that influence cost of implementing UAS and its suitability for a decentralised system. Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), or drone, plays a role of data provider to AEC professionals within a decentralised system. However, exist disappointments in the execution and test of the effectiveness of the UAS. The reasons for these fails are not well elaborated in the literature. Hence, the study investigates the barriers and cost analysis of UAS that can be used for a decentralised case in which the UAS data is useful for multiple stakeholders and provide illustration of the interactions within this approach. Design/methodology/approach ��� This paper is part of a longitudinal project by utilising a qualitative method of interviewing 24 participants involved in the process of application of drones in the country of the Dominican Republic. The open-ended semi-structured interviews were composed for questions regarding the application of UAS, barriers, and business implications. The data gathered were transcribed and used thematic analysis for its interpretation. Later, conclusions of the barriers of UAS implementation in the organisation were analysed and a cost model was developed to identify a viable scenario. Findings ��� The paper provides empirical insights about the barriers and economic considerations faced in the implementation process of UAS. In this research were identified: 16 barriers in the implementation process at the management level, 8 types of cases of business relationships, and 13 business models. Furthermore, recommendations in being accountable for the dimensions and recurrent visits to the projects handled by the portfolio of the organisations were made, to prudently invest in this project management tool for construction. Practical implications ��� The paper includes barriers to consider before implementation, business implications, project examples and cost structure developed. Furthermore, the findings are fit theoretically into the context of a decentralised system. It was understood and contemplated that monitoring in open and outdoor spaces are the suitable approach for UAS implementations for decentralised system. The trend of decentralised autonomous organisations for transparency and efficiency of human tasks provides the foundations of human-robot interactions as well as the role of tokenisation of assets into the cyberspace. Therefore, the paper brings managers and technicians the implications for the future-proofing implementation of UAS. Research Limitations ��� Blockchain system is supported by UAS data and its tests require skills and resources that were outside of the scope of the main research intend regarding UAS implementation in construction. Word counts limited details in a certain degree. Furthermore, as these technologies are still under development, the assessment of the decentralised system, smart contract, and swarm technology was addressed conceptually and further research are encouraged in this field. Originality/value ��� This paper provides an overview of the implications of cost and the suitable scenarios for return of investment in the UAS implementation in the current stage of the technology development. In addition, the paper makes reference to decentralised systems, smart contracts and swarm technology as options in which reality capture technologies are essential for construction projects