Modeling the Varying Location of Field Line Resonances During Geomagnetic Storms

Previous observational studies have shown that the natural Alfvén frequencies of geomagnetic field lines vary significantly over the course of a geomagnetic storm, decreasing by up to 50% from their quiet time values outside the plasmasphere. This was recently demonstrated statistically using ground magnetometer observations across 132 geomagnetic storm events (Wharton et al., 2020). This then brings into question where field line resonances (FLRs) will form in storm-time conditions relative to quiet times. With storm-time radiation belt dynamics depending heavily upon wave-particle interactions, understanding how FLR locations change over the course of a storm will have important implications for this area. Using 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we investigate how changes in the Alfvén frequency continuum of the Earth's dayside magnetosphere over the course of a geomagnetic storm affect the fast-Alfvén wave coupling. By setting the model Alfvén frequencies consistent with the observations, and permitting a modest change in the plasmapause/magnetopause locations consistent with storm-time behavior, we show that FLR locations can change substantially during storms. The combined effects of higher fast waveguide frequencies and lower Alfvén frequencies during storm main phases, act together to move the FLR locations radially inwards compared to quiet times. FLRs outside of the plasmasphere are moved radially inward by 1.7 Earth radii for the cases considered.Plain Language SummaryGeomagnetic storms are the most energetic events in our Earth's near space environment, causing huge morphological changes over timescales from a few hours to several days. This study considers how such changes affect the propagation of low frequency electromagnetic waves in the space around the Earth dominated by Earth's magnetic field (the magnetosphere). It is important to understand how these waves may vary during geomagnetic storms, due to their interaction with energetic particles which can be hazardous to orbiting spacecraft. Furthermore, from a general physics standpoint, it is of interest to understand how energy is transported throughout the system by such waves. Overall we find that, between the initial and main phases of a storm, there are significant changes in the locations where a particular class of low frequency waves will manifest. The simple broad conclusion from this paper is that storms change the morphology of Earth's magnetosphere, which then significantly changes the properties of the waves in the system.