Community and spatial aspects of exclusion in later life

Everything that happens, happens somewhere, in some physical space. The socio-physical context, therefore, represents a basic framework for all social interactions. In an ideal world, everyday surroundings should be open, safe, barrier-free, inviting, aesthetic, green, healthy and pleasant, comfortable, both peaceful and entertaining, supportive, stimulating, and inclusive to all. Across the world, considerable energy, financial resources, planning and action has been invested to achieve such ideals. However, there are still groups and individuals who do not have the opportunity, agency, capital, or strength to enjoy what the given environment has to offer and/or, by various forces, experience a more restricted form of participation within these environments. People may be or may feel socially excluded by such spaces, places and communities, or be and feel excluded in the