The vulnerability to pollution and hydrochemical variation of eleven springs (catchments) in the karst lowlands of the west of Ireland

The vulnerability to pollution and hydrochemical variation of groundwater in the mid-west karstic\ud lowlands of Ireland were investigated from October 1992 to September 1993, as part of an EU\ud STRIDE project at Sligo Regional Technical College. Eleven springs were studied in the three\ud local authority areas of Co. Galway, Co. Mayo, and Co. Roscommon. Nine of the springs drain\ud locally or regionally important karstic aquifers and two drain locally important sand and gravel\ud aquifers. The maximum average daily discharge of any of the springs was 16,000 m3/day.\ud Determination of the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution relies heavily on an examination of\ud subsoil deposits in an area since they can act as a protecting or filtering layer over groundwater.\ud Within aquifers/spring catchments, chemical reactions such as adsorption, solution-precipitation\ud or acid-base reactions occur and modify the hydrochemistry of groundwater (Lloyd and\ud Heathcote, 1985). The hydrochemical processes) that predominate depend cm the mineralogy of\ud the aquifer, the hydrogeological environment, the overlying subsoils, and the history of\ud groundwater movement.\ud The aim of this MSc research thesis was to investigate the hydrochemical variation of spring\ud outflow and to assess the relationship between these variations and the intrinsic vulnerability of\ud the springs and their catchments. If such a relationship can be quantified, then it is hoped that the\ud hydrochemical variation of a spring may indicate the vulnerability of a spring catchment without\ud the need for determining it by field mapping. Such a method would be invaluable to any of the\ud three local authorities since they would be able to prioritise sources that are most at risk from\ud pollution, using simple techniques of chemical sampling, and statistical analysis.\ud For each spring a detailed geological, hydrogeological and hydrochemical study was carried out.\ud Individual catchment areas were determined with a water balance/budget and groundwater\ud tracing. The subsoils geology for each spring catchment were mapped at the 1:10,560 scale and\ud digitised to the 1:25,000 scale with AutoCad™ and Arclnfo™. The vulnerability of each spring\ud was determined using the Geological Survey's vulnerability guidelines. Field measurements and\ud laboratory based chemistry analyses of the springs were undertaken by personnel from both the\ud EPA Regional Laboratory in Castlebar, Co. Mayo, and the Environment Section of Roscommon\ud Co. Council. Electrical conductivity and temperature (°C) were sampled fortnightly, in the field,\ud using a WTW microprocessor conductivity meter.\ud A percentage (%) vulnerability was applied to each spring in order to indicate the areal extent of\ud the four main classes of vulnerability (Extreme, High, Moderate, and Low) which occurred\ud within the confines of each spring catchment. Hydrochemical variation for the springs were\ud presented as the coefficient of variation of electrical conductivity. The results of this study show\ud that a clear relationship exists between the degree of vulnerability of each catchment area as\ud defined by the subsoil cover and the coefficient of variation of EC, with the coefficient of\ud variation increasing as the vulnerability increases. The coefficient of variation of electrical\ud conductivity is considered to be a parameter that gives a good general reflection of the degree of\ud vulnerability occurring in a spring catchment in Ireland's karstic lowlands