Conceptual modeling of energy storage systems

Conceptual models are explicit representations of complex systems that help people understand and communicate the system and its behavior in its actual context. The stable energy systems that we rely on in our daily life require a balance between energy production and consumption. Energy systems, particularly those that include renewable energy sources, have inherent dynamic behavior due to the intermittence of energy sources such as solar and wind. We use conceptual models to understand this behavior. The transition towards a carbon neutral energy system requires energy storage to ensure a supply of renewable energy when needed. The sizing strategy for energy storage systems is challenging because both the supply side and the demand side varies with time. In this paper, we investigate how energy storage technologies can provide seasonal storage for an existing energy system with excess electric power production during the summer months. We use conceptual models to review pumped hydro energy storage, hydrogen storage, and brine technology. The conceptual models simplify the selection process and help in choosing the most suitable energy storage solution from technical and economic criteria. The conceptual models are effective in communicating the constraints and opportunities of the system. However, we find it difficult to balance between comprehension that requires simplification, and accuracy that requires details