Age and hafnium isotope evolution of Sudanese Butana and Chad illuminates the Stenian to Ediacaran evolution of the south and east Sahara

The Saharan Metacraton is a poorly known tract of pre-Neoproterozoic continental crust that occupies the area between the juvenile Arabian Nubian Shield, in the east, and the Tuareg Shield to the west. Neoproterozoic orogenesis (i.e. Oubanguides and East African orogenies) affect the west, the south and the east of the metacraton, respectively, which led to deformation, emplacement of igneous bodies, and localised episodes of rift-related magamatism. Details about interior regions of the Saharan Metacraton are poorly known, with much of it covered by Phanerozoic rocks. The basement outcrops in Sudan, Chad, Algeria and Libya have been the subject of few modern geochronological studies. Here we present results from the first zircon geochronology and in-situ zircon hafnium isotope investigations from both the Sudanese Butana and central Chad. The terranes in Butana, formed to the east of pre-Neoproterozoic continental crust of the Saharan Metacraton, with the oldest juvenile magmatism (ƐHf(t) of +4.89 to +7.89) at ca. 839 Ma, followed by subsequent magmatism at ca. 787 Ma. The ca. 787 Ma event (seen elsewhere in the East African Orogen) is interpreted to represent volcanic-arc collision and accretion with the kernel of the Saharan Metacraton. The ca. 839 Ma magmatism is contemporaneous with the accretion of the Tonian (ca. 850 Ma) arc terranes of the Arabian Nubian Shield and marks subduction to the east of the Saharan Metacraton. The magmatic history of the Ouaddaï region in Chad begins in the late Mesoproterozoic, with localised rifting, resulting in the emplacement of juvenile granites (ca. 1030 Ma). The Cryogenian and Ediacaran in the Saharan Metacraton reveal a complicated history of magmatism and deformation. Age data from Chad show the emplacement of granites (from melting of Mesoproterozoic crust: ƐHf(t) = +2.04 and −4.07) at ca. 665–654 Ma, coeval with the main East African Orogeny and accretion of the other ANS terranes to the Saharan Metacraton at ca. 650–580 Ma. The youngest tectonothermal event within the Saharan Metacraton is recorded by emplacement of granites between 580 and 550 Ma (ƐHf(t) values of −17 to −31) in southern Chad