Drought-induced forest dieback increases taxonomic and functional diversity but not phylogenetic diversity of saproxylic beetles at both local and landscape scales

Context: Forest ecosystems worldwide are facing increasing drought-induced dieback, causing mortality patches across the landscape at multiple scales. This increases the supply of biological legacies and differentially affects forest insect communities.Objectives: We analysed the relative effects of local- and landscape-level dieback on local saproxylic beetle assemblages. We assessed how classic concepts in spatial ecology (e.g. habitat-amount and habitat-patch hypotheses) are involved in relationships between multi-scale spatial patterns of available resources and local communities.Methods: We sampled saproxylic beetle assemblages in commercial fir forests in the French highlands. Through automatic aerial mapping, we used dead tree crowns to assess dieback levels at several nested spatial scales. We analysed beetle taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity related to differing levels of multi-scale dieback.Results: In line with the habitat-amount hypothesis, taxonomic and functional diversity, but not phylogenetic diversity, of beetle assemblages significantly benefitted from forest dieback, at both local and landscape scales. Very few single or interaction effects were detected in the multiplicative models combining local and landscape variables, though a significant positive effect of landscape-scale dieback on the abundance of cavity- and fungus-dwelling species was consistent with a spill-over effect. Increased landscape-scale dieback also caused a functional specialisation of beetle assemblages, favouring those related to large-diameter, well-decayed deadwood.Conclusions: Increasing tree mortality under benign neglect provides conservation benefits by heterogenising the forest landscape and enhancing deadwood habitats. Legacy retention practices could take advantage of unharvested, declining forest stands to promote species richness and functional diversity within conventionally managed forest landscapes