The concept of empathy in Heinz Kohut's Self psychology

poseban doprinos uočavanju višestrukih funkcija koje empatija ima u psihoanalizi dolazi od Self psihologije čije teze predstavljaju nastavak, kao i originalnu dopunu Frojdovih koncepcija. Kohut zagovara da prisustvo empatije određuje, u principu, psihološko polje i da je nezamenljivo sredstvo opservacije u psihoanalizi. On daje obuhvatnu teoriju psihopatologije i tretmana u kojoj empatiji pridaje impresivan značaj. Artikulisao je novu grupu razvojnih potreba i smatrao da neuspeh roditeljske empatije da ih susretne rezultira nesposobnošću da se razviju intrapsihičke strukture koje mogu pouzdano regulisati samopoštovanje, ostavljajući osobu otvoreno zavisnom od narcističkih gratifikacija okoline. Tretman zahteva brižljivo razumevanje ovih ranih neuspeha i pruža sredinu u kojoj se ove intrapsihičke strukture mogu zakasnelo ali efikasno razviti. Analitičke intervencije imaju formu inicijalnih empatičkih odgovora i interpretacija koje su bliske analizantovom iskustvu (faza razumevanja), a kako analiza napreduje, interpretacije teže da budu dublje i počinju da uključuju genetičke dimenzije analizantovih trenutnih iskustava (eksplanatorna faza). Empatija ima samo po sebi izvestan terapijski potencijal preko korisnog osećanja shvaćenosti koji analizant stiče, ali primarni terapijski efekat analize se javlja iz totalnog eksplanatornog tipa koje vode strukturalnoj promeni i rastu putem preobražavajućeg pounutarnjenja.The particular contribution to recognizing the multiple functions of empathy in the psychoanalysis comes from the self psychology whose thesis are the continuation and the origin extension of Freud's concepts. Kohut claims that the presence of empathy, in principle, determines the psychological field and that the empathy is an irreplaceable observation mean in the psychoanalysis. He offers a through theory of psychopathology and treatments in which an outstanding importance is given to the empathy. He has articulated new group of developmental needs and considers that the failure of the parents empathy to meet them results in a person's inability to develop intraphysic structures necessary for the reliable regulation of self- respect leaving the person openly dependent on the narcissistic gratification from the environment. The treatment requires careful understanding of these early failures and provides an environment in which those intrapsychic structures can develop with delay but efficiently. Analytical interventions are in the form of the initial emphatic responses and the interpretations close to the client's experience (understanding phase) as the analysis progresses the interpretations tend to be deeper and begin to include the genetic dimensions of the client's current experiences (explanatory phase) By and in itself, the empathy has a certain therapeutic potential because it helps the client to acquire an useful sense that the or she is understood, but the primary therapeutic effect of the analysis comes from the total explanatory process including the interpretations of the explanatory type leading towards the structural changes and the growth by the means of transforming internalization