Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group
- Harrewijn, A.
- Cardinale, E.M.
- Groenewold, N.A.
- Bas-Hoogendam, J.M.
- Aghajani, M.
- Hilbert, K.
- Cardoner, N.
- Porta-Casteras, D.
- Gosnell, S.
- Salas, R.
- Jackowski, A.P.
- Pan, P.M.
- Salum, G.A.
- Blair, K.S.
- Blair, J.R.
- Hammoud, M.Z.
- Milad, M.R.
- Burkhouse, K.L.
- Phan, K.L.
- Schroeder, H.K.
- Strawn, J.R.
- Beesdo-Baum, K.
- Jahanshad, N.
- Thomopoulos, S.I.
- Buckner, R.
- Nielsen, J.A.
- Smoller, J.W.
- Soares, J.C.
- Mwangi, B.
- Wu, M.J.
- Zunta-Soares, G.B.
- Assaf, M.
- Diefenbach, G.J.
- Brambilla, P.
- Maggioni, E.
- Hofmann, D.
- Straube, T.
- Andreescu, C.
- Berta, R.
- Tamburo, E.
- Price, R.B.
- Manfro, G.G.
- Agosta, F.
- Canu, E.
- Cividini, C.
- Filippi, M.
- Kostic, M.
- Jovanovic, A.M.
- Alberton, B.A.V.
- Benson, B.
- Freitag, G.F.
- Filippi, C.A.
- Gold, A.L.
- Leibenluft, E.
- Ringlein, G.V.
- Werwath, K.E.
- Zwiebel, H.
- Zugman, A.
- Grabe, H.J.
- Auwera, S. van der
- Wittfeld, K.
- Volzke, H.
- Bulow, R.
- Balderston, N.L.
- Ernst, M.
- Grillon, C.
- Mujica-Parodi, L.R.
- Nieuwenhuizen, H. van
- Critchley, H.D.
- Makovac, E.
- Mancini, M.
- Meeten, F.
- Ottaviani, C.
- Ball, T.M.
- Fonzo, G.A.
- Paulus, M.P.
- Stein, M.B.
- Gur, R.E.
- Gur, R.C.
- Kaczkurkin, A.N.
- Larsen, B.
- Satterthwaite, T.D.
- Harper, J.
- Myers, M.
- Perino, M.T.
- Sylvester, C.M.
- Yu, Q.R.
- Lueken, U.
- Veltman, D.J.
- Thompson, P.M.
- Stein, D.J.
- Wee, N.J.A. van der
- Winkler, A.M.
- Pine, D.S.
DOIAbstract
The goal of this study was to compare brain structure between individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and healthy controls. Previous studies have generated inconsistent findings, possibly due to small sample sizes, or clinical/analytic heterogeneity. To address these concerns, we combined data from 28 research sites worldwide through the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group, using a single, pre-registered mega-analysis. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data from children and adults (5-90 years) were processed using FreeSurfer. The main analysis included the regional and vertex-wise cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume as dependent variables, and GAD, age, age-squared, sex, and their interactions as inde...
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