ESD for duodenal carcinoma

Superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) are rare, but their incidence is increasing recently. Considering the invasiveness of pancreatoduodenectomy, endoscopic treatment is widely accepted as an option for maintaining patients’ quality of life. SNADETs larger than 20 mm are an indication for duodenal ESD, and intramucosal cancer can be cured by ESD. Duodenal ESD is extremely difficult with a high risk of adverse events. However, some modified treatment techniques such as the water pressure method or the pocket creation method have been proposed to improve outcomes. Furthermore, evidence is accumulating that protection of the mucosal defect reduces delayed adverse events after duodenal endoscopic treatments. Moreover, endoscopic drainage of the bile and pancreatic juice is effective as conservative management even in cases with delayed perforation