Advances in Candida sp. Biofilm Mannans

Candida species belong to the normal human microbiota and are commonly responsible for several clinical manifestations from mucocutaneous overgrowth to severe bloodstream infections. Candida albicans is the predominant species involved in disease conditions. Nevertheless, in the last decade, the number of infections due to non-albicans Candida (NAC) species has significantly increased. Candida species have several virulence factors, such as hyphal growth, secretion of hydrolases, and the ability to form biofilms. Biofilm formation is considered one of the main virulence factors of C. albicans. Biofilm production can occur on the host mucosa and on the surface of medical indwelling devices and includes a self-produced polymeric matrix that encloses fungal micro-colonies in a complex structure. The main components of the biofilm matrix are polysaccharides (e.g. B-1,3 glucans and mannans), but proteins, DNA and lipids (e.g. ergosterol) can also be found in variable amounts. In this chapter, we will discuss the role of mannans within Candida biofilms. Additionally, the role of Candida biofilms in fungal structure, pathogenesis, and resistance will also be addressed.