As an alternative to the scaling-down of transistor feature-size in order to keep up the Moore’s law, three dimensional (3-D) integration technologies offer higher integration density, lower power consumption and provide a unique platform for heterogeneous integration of different active-layer materials through the vertical stacking of integrated circuit tiers. 3-D Sequential Integration, (also named 3-D monolithic integration or 3-D VLSI), is a type of 3D integration scheme, where the multiple stacked tiers are fabricated sequentially on top of each other on the same wafer. Each tier consists of active and BEOL layers insulated by interlayer dielectric (ILD) layers.The fundamental property that differentiates this technology is the very cl...