As the quest for ever more powerful computing systems faces ever-increasing material constraints, major advances in computing efficiency are expected to benefit from unconventional approaches and new computing models such as brain-inspired computing. The brain is a massively parallel computing architecture with dense interconnections between computing units. Neurobiological systems are therefore a natural source of inspiration for computer science and engineering. Rapid technological improvements in computing media have recently reinforced this trend through two complementary but seemingly contradictory consequences: on the one hand, by providing enormous computing power, they have made it possible to simulate very large neural structures s...