The Chemical Vapour Deposition of ceramics matrix composites involves many coupling physico-chemical mechanisms. The process control and optimization are allowed by precise description of these mechanisms and their interactions, witch can be realized through a global modelisation. In the case of hot wall reactors, witch allowed a good control of deposit properties, homogeneous gas phase decomposition play a crucial function. We have undertaken in this thesis a gas phase thermodynamic and kinetic studies associated to B-C and Si-B-C carbides elaboration, witch remains hard to control. By theoretical chemical calculations, we proposed a set containing crucial reactions for theses systems. We are the first to study some of them. A reaction mec...