Inhibited Aggregation of Lithium Salt in Spiro-OMeTAD for Perovskite Solar Cells

High-efficiency and stable hole transport materials (HTMs) play an essential role in high-performance planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). 2,2,7,7-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9-spirobi-fluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) is often used as HTMs in perovskite solar cells because of its excellent characteristics, such as energy level matching with perovskite, good film-forming ability, and high solubility. However, the accumulation and hydrolysis of the common additive Li-TFSI in Spiro-OMeTAD can cause voids/pinholes in the hole transport layer (HTL), which reduces the efficiency of the PSCs. In order to improve the functional characteristics of HTMs, in this work, we first used CsI as a dopant to modify the HTL and reduce the voids in the HTL. A small amount of CsI is introduced into Spiro-OMeTAD together with Li-TFSI and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP). It is found that CsI and TBP formed a complex, which prevented the rapid evaporation of TBP and eliminated some cracks in Spiro-OMeTAD. Moreover, the uniformly dispersed TBP inhibits the agglomeration of Li-TFSI in Spiro-OMeTAD, so that the effective oxidation reaction between Spiro-OMeTAD and air produces Spiro-OMeTAD+ in the oxidation state, thereby increasing the conductivity and adjusting the HTL energy. Correspondingly, the PCE of the planar PSC of the CsI-modified Spiro-OMeTAD is up to 13.31%. In contrast, the PSC without CsI modification showed a poor PCE of 10.01%. More importantly, the PSC of Spiro-OMeTAD treated with CsI has negligible hysteresis and excellent long-term stability. Our work provides a low-cost, simple, and effective method for improving the performance of hole transport materials and perovskite solar cells