Changes in Reticular River Network under Rapid Urbanization: A Case of Pudong New Area, Shanghai

Large quantity of rivers have disappeared during rapid urbanization in China’s Yangtze River Delta, and it is difficult to define the changes in the river network owing to its high dense and complex reticular structure. Shanghai’s Pudong New Area (SPNA) is a typical area of rapid urbanization in the delta. A Comprehensive River-network Indicator System (CRIS), including quantity and area, geomorphologic structure, and landscape connectivity indicators, was established to characterize the changes in the dense reticular river network in SPNA from 1965 to 2010. The percentage of urban area rapidly increased from 22.52% to 59.49% in SPNA, whereas that of water surface (Wp) decreased from 10.57% to 7.23% during the same period. The changes in river network displayed a clear spatial gradient, and the closer the functional area is to the city center, the earlier and faster the changes in the rivers. CRIS obviously changed when the percentage of built-up area increased from 10% to 30%; however, the CRIS changed more gently when the percentage exceeded 30%. Among the three sub-indicators of CRIS, quantity and area strongly corresponded to urbanization stages, geomorphologic structure was most sensitive to urbanization, and landscape connectivity accurately captured the threshold phenomena in the change in reticular river network