Dietary exposure and potential human health risk of dioxins in South Korea: Application of deterministic and probabilistic methods

Following the reduction of incinerator emission, enacted by the Korean Government in 2001, the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in the air (-96%) have significantly decreased. However, their levels in the human serum of the general Korean population have not reduced at the same rate (-36%), indicating that humans may also be unintentionally exposed to these compounds, primarily through food ingestion. In this study, the risk of dietary exposure was assessed on a large scale, to provide toxicological information and guide the development of food safety policies. The food consumption data of the extreme (95th percentile) group and various subgroups (by age, pregnancy, and lactation), as well as the average group, were utilized. Compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI) established by the World Health Organization (WHO), the average daily dietary exposure of the general Korean population, calculated using a deterministic method, was 11.9% of the WHO TDI (4 pg-TEQ(WHO05) kg body weight(-1) d(-1)). For additional comparison, a probabilistic method using a Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the same data. Finally, the associated potential health risk was quantitatively characterized, and the results suggest the importance of non-dioxin-like congeners in future risk assessments