Extended Rauch–Tung–Striebel Smoother for the State of Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on an Enhanced Circuit Model

The state of charge (SOC) of a lithium battery system is critical since it indicates the remaining operating hours, full charge time, and peak power of the battery. This paper recommends an extended Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoother (ERTSS) for estimating SOC. It is implemented based on an improved equivalent circuit model with hysteresis voltage. The smoothing step of ERTSS will reduce the estimation error further. Additionally, the genetic algorithm (GA) is employed for searching the optimal ERTSS’s smoothing time interval. Various dynamic cell tests are conducted to verify the model’s accuracy and error estimation deviation. The test results demonstrate that ERTSS’s SOC estimation error is limited to 4% with an initial error between −25 ∘C and 45 ∘C and that the root mean square error (RMSE) of ERTSS’s SOC estimation is approximately 5% lower than that of extended Kalman filter (EKF). The ERTSS improves the SOC estimation accuracy at all operating temperatures of batteries