Prediction of Compressive Strength of Fly-Ash-Based Concrete Using Ensemble and Non-Ensemble Supervised Machine-Learning Approaches

The utilization of waste material, such as fly ash, in the concrete industry will provide a valuable alternative solution for creating an eco-friendly environment. However, experimental work is time-consuming; employing soft machine learning techniques can accelerate the process of forecasting the strength properties of concrete. Ensemble machine learning modeling using Python Jupyter Notebook was employed in the forecasting of compressive strength (CS) of high-performance concrete. Multilayer perceptron neuron network (MLPNN) and decision tree (DT) were used as individual learning which then ensembled with bagging and boosting to provide strong correlations. Random forest (RF) and gradient boosting regression (GBR) were also used for prediction. A total of 471 data points with input parameters (e.g., cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, superplasticizer, water, days, and fly ash), and an output parameter of compressive strength (CS), were retrieved to train and test the individual learners. Cross-validation with K-fold and statistical error (i.e., MAE, MSE, RMSE, and RMSLE) analysis was applied to check the accuracy of all models. All models showed the best correlation with an ensemble model rather than an individual one. DT with AdaBoost and random forest gave a strong correlation of R2 = 0.89 with fewer errors. Cross-validation results revealed a good response with an error of less than 10 MPa. Thus, ensemble modeling not only trains the data by employing several weak learners but also produces a robust correlation that can then be used to model and predict the mechanical performance of concrete