Comparative Study on the Role of Berberine and <i>Berberis lycium</i> Royle Roots Extract against the Biochemical Markers and Cyclin D1 Expression in HCC Animal Model

Diethylamine nitrosamine (DEN), as an initiator of liver tumor, and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), as a tumor promoter, have been used to study the molecular events of liver cancer in animal models. Recently, our in vitro study reported BLE (Berberis lycium Royle ethanol extract) as the most effective agent against liver cancer, thus we continued our study in vivo to assess the hepatoprotective effect of BLE and its most active alkaloid, berberine, in albino mice (70 male). Moreover, we investigated the biochemical/immunohistochemical effects of a single alkaloid versus the effect of Berberis extract in mice liver. Hepatic cancer was induced in mice by a single intraperitoneal injection with DEN (100 mg/kg b.wt), followed by biweekly injections of CCl4 (0.5 mL/kg) for 30 days. The development of liver cancer was assessed after 60 days of DEN injection by measuring the elevated level of the serum tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and liver function test (ALT, AST, ALP, and BUN) markers. After the confirmation of liver cancer development, the BLE extract and berberine were fed to mice for 90 days and the serum biomarkers for liver injury (LFTs and AFP) were measured again. Overall, berberine (120 mg/kg b.wt) proved to be a stronger agent in reducing the symptoms of HCC in mice, as compared with BLE. Histopathological analysis agreed well with the biochemical observations. Immunohistochemistry analysis suggested significant suppression of the quantitative expression of the key oncogene cyclin D1 at low (60 mg/kg) and high (120 mg/kg) doses of berberine. These findings implicate the amelioration of hepatocarcinoma by berberine more prominently in mice, by suppression of cyclin-dependent kinase activator (CD1) expression, reducing LFTs, as well as AFP, in the serum. Thus, our findings are novel, as berberine may help in controlling the perturbation in CD1 associated with aggressive forms of HCC. However, future studies should be directed at finding out whether berberine has any effect on inhibitors (p27 and CDKI) of cyclin-dependent kinase too