Climate-neutral process industry through industrial symbiosis

The climate-neutral economy adds a new dimension of challenges to the carbon- and energy-intensive industry. Strongly enhanced cooperation across industries and across borders is becoming an increasing need for developing and scaling-up of transformative technologies and solutions. The intensification of the relations within and among clusters, based on industrial symbiosis (IS), leverages the way climate goals can be achieved. In this direction, the process industry is implementing technological and non-technological measures. Most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the industry are related to heating and cooling processes. Therefore, the industry has focused on energy efficiency and low-carbon energy sourcing. However, there are significant emissions that are not associated with energy consumption, indicating that energy efficiency is necessary but insufficient to cover the full range of GHG sources. The focus of this research is on energy and materials performance indicators relevant for industrial symbiosis among different sectors added with urban areas. The next level of research is a methodology based on 21 generic cases for appraising, selecting and defining current and future IS clusters involving four sectors: cement, chemicals, minerals and steel. The methodology is expected to be extended to additional sector