Vesicular stomatitis

Vezikularni stomatitis (VS) reemergentna je virusna zarazna bolest prije svega konja, goveda i svinja, ali i ovaca, koza, ljama i alpaka. Uzročnik bolesti je virus vezikularnog stomatitisa, arbovirus iz porodice Rhabdoviridae, u koju su uključeni različiti virusi kralježnjaka, beskralježnjaka i mnogih biljnih vrsta. Zbog nemogućnosti kliničkog razlikovanja od slinavke i šapa, vezikularni stomatitis u goveda i svinja iziskuje posebnu pozornost, iznimno kontagiozne zarazne bolesti papkara. Kliničkom slikom bolesti u konja i goveda dominira ptijalizam kao posljedica formiranja, a potom pucanja vezikula na dorzalnoj strani jezika, mekom nepcu, dentalnoj ploči i mukokutanom spoju usana. Lezije se nalaze i na krunskom djelu kopita, papaka, a u goveda i na sisama. Zbog erozija koje nastaju na mjestu rupturiranih vezikula bolesna životinja odbija hranu, a opiru se i mužnji. Za razliku od konja i goveda u kojih je obilno slinjenje, prvi simptom bolesti u svinja je šepanje koje izaziva lezije na krunskom djelu papaka. Bolest se unutar stada širi izravnim kontaktom, kontaminiranim predmetima, opremom i površinama, a veliku ulogu u širenju virusa VS imaju i insekti (komarci, pješčane muhe, mušice svrbljivice i komarčići), mehanički i/ili kao biološki vektori. Prevencija vezikularnog stomatitisa temelji se na izolaciji zaraženih stada, ograničenom kretanju primljivih životinja u zaraženom području, kontroli insekata (vektora) i uporabi cjepiva, dostupnih u nekim endemskim regijama Srednje i Južne Amerike. Povremena pojava infekcije u ljudi predstavlja određeno javno-zdravstveni problem. U ljudi bolest je blaga i slična je gripi te se smatra manje opasnom zoonozom.Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a re-emerging contagious disease, primarily affecting horses, cattle and swine, and to a lesser extent, sheep, goats, llamas and alpacas. The disease is caused by a zoonotic arbovirus belonging to the Rhabdoviridae family, which also includes various viruses of vertebrates, invertebrates and many floral species. Vesicular stomatitis in cattle and swine requires special attention, as it is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious disease of hoofed animals. The clinical signs in horses and cattle are dominated by ptyalism that is a result of the formation, then the rupture of vesicles on the dorsal side of the tongue, soft palate, dental plate and mucocutaneous junctions. Lesions are also found at the coronary band of the hoof, or on the teats in cattle. Due to erosions in the ruptured vesicles, animals experience a lack of appetite and resist milking. While prolific salivation in horses and cattle is the first symptom of the disease, pigs develop lameness due to lesions on the coronary band of the hoof. Within the herd, the disease is transmitted via direct contact, contaminated objects, equipment and surfaces. The VS virus can also spread through insects, such as mosquitoes, sand flies, black flies or culicoides that are mechanical and biological vectors. The prevention of vesicular stomatitis is implemented by the isolation of affected livestock, their restricted movement in the infected area, insect (vector) control, and the use of vaccines that are available in some Latin American countries. The occasional outbreak in the human population has a certain public health significance; however, the disease is mild and resembles the flu. Therefore, it is considered a less dangerous zoonosis