How populations differentiate and become new species is a foundational question to the field of evolutionary biology and has important implications for the generation of both local and global patterns of species-level biodiversity. Ernst Mayr emphasised the importance of geographical isolation as a driver of speciation: “populations in separate locations begin a process of differentiation, and once differentiation is sufficient the populations have become two species”. In marine environments, the lack of obvious physical barriers would suggest that panmixia, especially in highly mobile species, or isolation-by-distance, in other cases, will prevail. However, there is some counterintuitive evidence of fine-scale differentiation among populat...