Net effects of conservation agriculture principles on sustainable land use: A synthesis

Zhengzhou, China 2Physical Geography and Environmental Change Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Correspondence Liangang Xiao, College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China. Email: liangang1985@hotmail.com. Funding information Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities of Henan Province of China, Grant/Award Number: 21A210026; Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province, Grant/Award Number: 212300410199; National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 41971241 Rongqin Zhao1 | Lianhai Cao1 Abstract Despite the strong recommendations from scientists, to till or not to till remains a con- fusing question for many farmers around the world due to the worries of crop yield decline and negative impacts on soils and environment. A confused understanding of the role of the individual principles of conservation agriculture significantly limits the effectiveness and applicability of soil conservation strategies and frameworks to achieve sustainable agriculture. By distinguishing clearly between the different prin- ciples of conservation agriculture, the net effects of no-tillage on improving and sus- taining agro-ecosystems are analyzed based on 49 recent meta-analyses in this study. The review shows that no-tillage leads to a significant decline of crop yield (−8.0% to 10.0%, median: −1.9%), whereas residue retention represents the key driver for improving crop production (4.0%-28.0%, median: 8.2%). The efficacy of no-tillage for water erosion control, especially runoff (−24.0% to −0.7%, median: −10.0%), is often insignificant and otherwise lower compared to residue retention (−87.0% to −14.0%, median: −45.5%). Soil carbon sequestration potential under conservation tillage is quite limited or even close to zero, and if any, it can likely be attributed to the associ- ated residue retention (−0.1% to 12.8%, median: 9.7%) rather than no-tillage (−2.0% to 10.0%, median: 4.8%). Our analysis illustrates that in conservation agriculture, no-tillage as the original and central principle of soil management is often less effective than associated supplementary measures, in particular residue retention. Residue re- tention may therefore play a key role for achieving sustainable land use. An additional benefit of residue retention is the less dramatic change of farming practices compared to no-tillage. The results of this review illustrate that a new framework for assessing the benefits of conservation practices has to be developed. To till, or not to till, is not the question: residue retention seems more critical