Long term trends in fertility of soils under continuous cultivation and cereal cropping in southern Queensland .VIII. Available nitrogen indexes and their relationships to crop yield and N uptake

Six major soil series of southern Queensland were studied for the changes in the levels of available N indices (determined by both biological and chemical methods) and nitrate-N, with continuous cultivation and cereal cropping for up to 70 years. The biological N indices, measured in soil collected at planting of winter cereals, were anaerobic mineralizable N, aerobic mineralizable N and nitrate-N down to 1.2 m depth. The chemical indices were autoclave N and oven N. The predictive capabilities of various available N indices, and total N and organic C, were assessed from dry matter and N uptake of winter cereals in the field in 1983 as well as in the glasshouse. Anaerobic mineralizable N levels increased with mean annual rainfall but decreased with mean annual temperatures of the sampling sites of the six soil series. Therefore, it was possible to predict closely anaerobic mineralizable N from soil total N, and mean annual rainfall and temperature. Autoclave N showed no such trends. Anaerobic mineralizable N declined with period of cultivation, exponentially in Waco, Langlands-Logie and Cecilvale soils (0.112, 0.111 and 0.247 year-1, respectively) and linearly in the other three soil series. No consistent trends were discerned in autoclave N and oven N in four of the soil series with period of cultivation. Generally, nitrate-N (measured at planting) declined with period of cultivation. However, in Billa Billa soil, it increased in the soil profile (0-1.2 m) during the initial 7 years of cultivation and declined rapidly after 12 years. Although a number of available N indices, including total N and organic C, were significantly correlated with crop dry matter yield and N uptake, the best prediction of crop performance was provided by a combination of anaerobic mineralizable N (0-0.3 m) and nitrate-N (0-0 6 m) in the six soil series