Time Resolved Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

This chapter describes basic principles and recent advances in time-resolved X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy with particular emphasis on studies conducted in complex reaction environments. Specifically, it discusses different ways for obtaining time information and achieving different time resolutions in tr-(AP)XPS experiment, covering timescales from fs to s. This includes experimental setups at the free-electron lasers as well as electron storage rings and high-harmonic generation light sources. A variety of perturbations such as optical, mechanical, gas composition, temperature, and pressure is discussed. A number of examples are described that demonstrate the power of tr-APXPS in studies combining various timescales and perturbation methods